绅士化语境下的失所现象:概念溯源及研究综述

doi:10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2018.04.001

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摘要失所（displacement）现象历来受到国际学界的广泛关注。本文主要探讨因绅士化而造成的失所现象，并对西方理论体系和实证研究进行较全面的综述。因绅士化造成的失所可分为直接性失所和间接性失所。依据不同的形成原因，直接性失所分为物质性失所和经济性失所，而间接性失所包括排斥性失所和潜在性失所。在笛卡尔式空间观的主导下，西方主流失所研究历来偏重直接性失所，而忽视间接性失所。本文认为，间接性失所背后的列斐伏尔空间观应纳入到失所理论体系中，以更好地指导失所实证研究。本文指出，结合中国现实，对失所现象进行理论化与概念化，对于转型期中国可持续城市发展具有现实与深远的意义。

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关键词 ：绅士化, 直接性失所, 间接性失所, 空间观

Abstract：The phenomenon of residential displacement has received substantial attention among scholars. This article discusses gentrification-induced displacement which is originated from the western contexts. Researchers often use quantitative method to investigate either the changes in the socio-demographic compositions of gentrifying neighbourhoods, or the migration patterns of targeted low-income social groups, so as to unravel the occurrence or scale of gentrification-induced displacement. The past decade has witnessed increasing interests in indirect displacement. Scholars have not only conducted empirical studies on various forms of indirect displacement, but also furthered the conceptualization of this phenomenon, such as everyday displacement, symbolic displacement, political displacement and cultural displacement. It is worth noting that, Lefebvre's philosophy of space is found to be an important perspective in researchers' interpretations of indirect displacement. Compared to western countries, cities in China are undergoing profound transformation. Two avenues for future research are provided:1) to conduct empirical studies on gentrification-induced displacement in Chinese cities, so as to reveal the patterns, causes and individual experiences of displacement; 2) to situate the research on gentrification-induced displacement within the broader theoretical framings such as social sustainability, social justice and right to the city, so as to seek pathways towards sustainable urban transitions in China.

Key words： gentrification direct displacement indirect displacement philosophy of space

收稿日期: 2017-05-16

基金资助:

国家自然科学基金项目（41571152）

通讯作者: 张平宇(1966-),男,吉林柳河人,研究员,博士生导师,主要研究方向为城市与区域发展。E-mail:zhangpy@iga.ac.cn。 E-mail: zhangpy@iga.ac.cn

作者简介: 刘颖(1987-),女,湖北人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为城市更新的社会经济效应、城市可持续性转型等。E-mail:Y.Liu1@uu.nl;research.ying@hotmail.com。

引用本文:

刘颖, 张平宇. 绅士化语境下的失所现象:概念溯源及研究综述[J]. 人文地理, 2018, 33(4): 1-6,145. LIU Ying, ZHANG Ping-yu. GENTRIFICATION-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT: CONCEPTS AND LITERATURE REVIEW. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 33(4): 1-6,145.

链接本文:

http://rwdl.xisu.edu.cn/CN/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2018.04.001 或 http://rwdl.xisu.edu.cn/CN/Y2018/V33/I4/1

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[19]	Marcuse P. Gentrification, abandonment, and displacement:Connections, causes, and policy responses in New York city[J]. Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law, 1985,28:195-240.
[8]	Ibrahim S. War displacement:The socio-cultural dimension[M]//Eltigani E. War and Drought in Sudan:Essays on Population Displacement. Tallahassee:University Press Florida, 1995:35-46.
[34]	Freeman L, Cassola A, Cai T. Displacement and gentrification in England and Wales:A quasi-experimental approach[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(13):2797-2814.
[30]	Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle-class remaking of inner London, 1961-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2003,40(12):2401-2426.
[20]	Slater T. Missing Marcuse:On gentrification and displacement[J]. City, 2009,13(2/3):292-311.
[9]	Farbotko C. Tuvalu and climate change:Constructions of environmental displacement in the Sydney Morning Herald[J]. Geografiska Annaler:Series B, Human Geography, 2005,87(4):279-293.
[35]	Newman K, Wyly E K. The right to stay put, revisited:Gentrification and resistance to displacement in New York city[J]. Urban Studies, 2006,43(1):23-57.
[21]	Butler T, Hamnett C, Ramsden M J. Gentrification, education and exclusionary displacement in east London[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2013,37(2):556-575.
[31]	Butler T, Hamnett C, Ramsden M. Inward and upward:Marking out social class change in London, 1981-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2008,45(1):67-88.
[10]	Heming L, Rees P. Population displacement in the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River, central China:Relocation policies and migrant views[J]. International Journal of Population Geography, 2000,6(6):439-462.
[11]	何深静,刘玉亭.市场转轨时期中国城市绅士化现象的机制与效应研究[J].地理科学,2010,30(4):496-502.[He Shenjing, Liu Yuting.Mechanism and consequences of China's gentrification under market transition[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2010,30(4):496-502.]
[12]	吴启焰,罗艳.中西方城市中产阶级化的对比研究[J].城市规划, 2007,31(8):30-35.[Wu Qiyan, Luo Yan. Comparison of gentrification between Chinese and Western cities[J]. Urban Planning, 2007, 31(8):30-35.]
[13]	吴启焰,尹祖杏.城市中产阶层化研究进展回顾及未来展望[J].人文地理,2008,23(2):19-25.[Wu Qiyan, Yin Zuxing. The progress of urban gentrification study and its future[J]. Human Geography, 2008,23(2):19-25.]
[14]	周敏,林凯旋,黄亚平.浅析我国城市更新中的绅士化运动[J].华中建筑,2013,31(11):26-30.[Zhou Min, Lin Kaixuan, Huang Yaping. Discuss on the gentrification movement of urban renewal[J]. Hua Zhong Architecture, 2013,31(11):26-30.]
[36]	Atkinson R. The evidence on the impact of gentrification:New lessons for the urban renaissance?[J]. European Journal of Housing Policy, 2004,4(1):107-131.
[15]	何深静,钱俊希,邓尚昆.转型期大城市多类绅士化现象探讨——基于广州市六个社区的案例分析[J].人文地理,2011,26(1):44-49.[He Shenjing, Qian Junxi, Deng Shangkun. Various forms of gentrification in transitional period in China[J]. Human Geography, 2011, 26(1):44-49.]
[16]	何深静,钱俊希,徐雨璇,等.快速城市化背景下乡村绅士化的时空演变特征[J].地理学报,2012,67(8):1044-1056.[He Shenjing, Qian Junxi, Xu Yuxuan, et al. Spatial-temporal evolution of rural gentrification amidst rapid urbanization:A case study of Xiaozhou village, Guangzhou[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(8):1044-1056.]
[22]	Davidson M. Displacement, space and dwelling:Placing gentrification debate[J]. Ethics Place and Environment (Ethics, Place & Environment), 2009,12(2):219-234.
[17]	邱建华. "绅士化运动" 对我国旧城更新的启示[J].热带地理,2002, 22(2):125-129.[Qiu Jianhua. Consideration of "gentrification" in contemporary Chinese urban renewal[J]. Tropical Geography, 2002, 22(2):125-129.]
[32]	Freeman L. Displacement or succession? Residential mobility in gentrifying neighborhoods[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2005,40(4):463-491.
[37]	Slater T. The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2006,30(4):737-757.
[23]	Descartes R. Principles of philosophy[M]//Descartes R. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes Vol. 1. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press, 1984:193-291.
[18]	Marcuse P. To control gentrification:Anti-displacement zoning and planning for stable residential districts[J]. Review of Law and Social Change, 1985,13(4):931-945.
[33]	Freeman L, Braconi F. Gentrification and displacement New York city in the 1990s[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004,70(1):39-52.
[38]	Davidson M, Lees L. New-build ‘gentrification’ and London's riverside renaissance[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2005,37(7):1165-1190.
[24]	Heidegger M. Being and Time[M]. Oxford, UK:Blackwell, 2007:114.
[25]	包亚明.现代性与空间的生产[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2003:9.[Bao Yaming. Modernism and the Production of Space[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Education Press, 2003:9.]
[19]	Marcuse P. Gentrification, abandonment, and displacement:Connections, causes, and policy responses in New York city[J]. Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law, 1985,28:195-240.
[34]	Freeman L, Cassola A, Cai T. Displacement and gentrification in England and Wales:A quasi-experimental approach[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(13):2797-2814.
[39]	Mazer K M, Rankin K N. The social space of gentrification:The politics of neighbourhood accessibility in Toronto's downtown west[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 2011,29(5):822-839.
[26]	Lefebvre H. The Production of Space[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1991:36-46.
[20]	Slater T. Missing Marcuse:On gentrification and displacement[J]. City, 2009,13(2/3):292-311.
[35]	Newman K, Wyly E K. The right to stay put, revisited:Gentrification and resistance to displacement in New York city[J]. Urban Studies, 2006,43(1):23-57.
[40]	Sakizlio?lu B. Inserting temporality into the analysis of displacement:Living under the threat of displacement[J]. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 2014,105(2):206-220.
[21]	Butler T, Hamnett C, Ramsden M J. Gentrification, education and exclusionary displacement in east London[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2013,37(2):556-575.
[27]	Davidson M. Spoiled mixture:Where does state-ledpositive' gentrification end?[J]. Urban Studies, 2008,45(12):2385-2405.
[36]	Atkinson R. The evidence on the impact of gentrification:New lessons for the urban renaissance?[J]. European Journal of Housing Policy, 2004,4(1):107-131.
[41]	Shaw K S, Hagemans I W. ‘Gentrification without displacement’ and the consequent loss of place:The effects of class transition on low-income residents of secure housing in gentrifying areas[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2015,39(2):323-341.
[22]	Davidson M. Displacement, space and dwelling:Placing gentrification debate[J]. Ethics Place and Environment (Ethics, Place & Environment), 2009,12(2):219-234.
[28]	Atkinson R. The hidden costs of gentrification:Displacement in central London[J]. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 2000,15(4):307-326.
[37]	Slater T. The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2006,30(4):737-757.
[42]	Stabrowski F. New-build gentrification and the everyday displacement of Polish immigrant tenants in Greenpoint, Brooklyn[J]. Antipode, 2014,46(3):794-815.
[23]	Descartes R. Principles of philosophy[M]//Descartes R. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes Vol. 1. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press, 1984:193-291.
[29]	Atkinson R. Measuring gentrification and displacement in greater London[J]. Urban Studies, 2000,37(1):149-165.
[38]	Davidson M, Lees L. New-build ‘gentrification’ and London's riverside renaissance[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2005,37(7):1165-1190.
[43]	Atkinson R. Losing one's place:Narratives of neighbourhood change, market injustice and symbolic displacement[J]. Housing, Theory and Society, 2015,32(4):373-388.
[24]	Heidegger M. Being and Time[M]. Oxford, UK:Blackwell, 2007:114.
[25]	包亚明.现代性与空间的生产[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2003:9.[Bao Yaming. Modernism and the Production of Space[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Education Press, 2003:9.]
[30]	Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle-class remaking of inner London, 1961-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2003,40(12):2401-2426.
[39]	Mazer K M, Rankin K N. The social space of gentrification:The politics of neighbourhood accessibility in Toronto's downtown west[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 2011,29(5):822-839.
[44]	Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(16):3510-3526.
[26]	Lefebvre H. The Production of Space[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1991:36-46.
[31]	Butler T, Hamnett C, Ramsden M. Inward and upward:Marking out social class change in London, 1981-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2008,45(1):67-88.
[40]	Sakizlio?lu B. Inserting temporality into the analysis of displacement:Living under the threat of displacement[J]. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 2014,105(2):206-220.
[45]	Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. When Neil Smith met Pierre Bourdieu in Nanjing, China:Bringing cultural capital into rent gap theory[J]. Housing Studies, 2017,32(5):659-677.
[27]	Davidson M. Spoiled mixture:Where does state-ledpositive' gentrification end?[J]. Urban Studies, 2008,45(12):2385-2405.
[41]	Shaw K S, Hagemans I W. ‘Gentrification without displacement’ and the consequent loss of place:The effects of class transition on low-income residents of secure housing in gentrifying areas[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2015,39(2):323-341.
[32]	Freeman L. Displacement or succession? Residential mobility in gentrifying neighborhoods[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2005,40(4):463-491.
[46]	Smith D P, Holt L. Studentification and ‘apprentice’ gentrifiers within Britain's provincial towns and cities:Extending the meaning of gentrification[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2007,39(1):142-161.
[47]	何深静,钱俊希,吴敏华. "学生化"的城中村社区——基于广州下渡村的实证分析[J].地理研究,2011,30(8):1508-1519.[He Shenjing, Qian Junxi, Wu Minhua. Studentification in urban village:A case study of Xiadu village, Guangzhou[J]. Geographical Research, 2011,30(8):1508-1519.]
[48]	陈培阳.中国城市学区绅士化及其社会空间效应[J].城市发展研究,2015,22(8):55-60.[Chen Peiyang. Jiaoyufication and its sociospatial consequences in urban China[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2015,22(8):55-60.]
[28]	Atkinson R. The hidden costs of gentrification:Displacement in central London[J]. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 2000,15(4):307-326.
[42]	Stabrowski F. New-build gentrification and the everyday displacement of Polish immigrant tenants in Greenpoint, Brooklyn[J]. Antipode, 2014,46(3):794-815.
[33]	Freeman L, Braconi F. Gentrification and displacement New York city in the 1990s[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004,70(1):39-52.
[49]	Wu Q, Tim E, Cheng J. Beyond space:Spatial (re)production and middle class remaking driven by jiaoyufication in Nanjing city, China[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2018, 42(1):1-19.
[29]	Atkinson R. Measuring gentrification and displacement in greater London[J]. Urban Studies, 2000,37(1):149-165.
[43]	Atkinson R. Losing one's place:Narratives of neighbourhood change, market injustice and symbolic displacement[J]. Housing, Theory and Society, 2015,32(4):373-388.
[34]	Freeman L, Cassola A, Cai T. Displacement and gentrification in England and Wales:A quasi-experimental approach[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(13):2797-2814.
[50]	Martin L. Fighting for control:Political displacement in Atlanta's gentrifying neighborhoods[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2007,42(5):603-628.
[30]	Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle-class remaking of inner London, 1961-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2003,40(12):2401-2426.
[44]	Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(16):3510-3526.
[35]	Newman K, Wyly E K. The right to stay put, revisited:Gentrification and resistance to displacement in New York city[J]. Urban Studies, 2006,43(1):23-57.
[51]	Hyra D. The back-to-the-city movement:Neighbourhood redevelopment and processes of political and cultural displacement[J]. Urban Studies, 2015,52(10):1753-1773.
[31]	Butler T, Hamnett C, Ramsden M. Inward and upward:Marking out social class change in London, 1981-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2008,45(1):67-88.
[45]	Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. When Neil Smith met Pierre Bourdieu in Nanjing, China:Bringing cultural capital into rent gap theory[J]. Housing Studies, 2017,32(5):659-677.
[36]	Atkinson R. The evidence on the impact of gentrification:New lessons for the urban renaissance?[J]. European Journal of Housing Policy, 2004,4(1):107-131.
[32]	Freeman L. Displacement or succession? Residential mobility in gentrifying neighborhoods[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2005,40(4):463-491.
[46]	Smith D P, Holt L. Studentification and ‘apprentice’ gentrifiers within Britain's provincial towns and cities:Extending the meaning of gentrification[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2007,39(1):142-161.
[37]	Slater T. The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2006,30(4):737-757.
[47]	何深静,钱俊希,吴敏华. "学生化"的城中村社区——基于广州下渡村的实证分析[J].地理研究,2011,30(8):1508-1519.[He Shenjing, Qian Junxi, Wu Minhua. Studentification in urban village:A case study of Xiadu village, Guangzhou[J]. Geographical Research, 2011,30(8):1508-1519.]
[48]	陈培阳.中国城市学区绅士化及其社会空间效应[J].城市发展研究,2015,22(8):55-60.[Chen Peiyang. Jiaoyufication and its sociospatial consequences in urban China[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2015,22(8):55-60.]
[33]	Freeman L, Braconi F. Gentrification and displacement New York city in the 1990s[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004,70(1):39-52.
[38]	Davidson M, Lees L. New-build ‘gentrification’ and London's riverside renaissance[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2005,37(7):1165-1190.
[49]	Wu Q, Tim E, Cheng J. Beyond space:Spatial (re)production and middle class remaking driven by jiaoyufication in Nanjing city, China[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2018, 42(1):1-19.
[34]	Freeman L, Cassola A, Cai T. Displacement and gentrification in England and Wales:A quasi-experimental approach[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(13):2797-2814.
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[50]	Martin L. Fighting for control:Political displacement in Atlanta's gentrifying neighborhoods[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2007,42(5):603-628.
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