GENTRIFICATION-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT: CONCEPTS AND LITERATURE REVIEW
LIU Ying1, ZHANG Ping-yu2
1. Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, Netherlands;
2. Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
Abstract：The phenomenon of residential displacement has received substantial attention among scholars. This article discusses gentrification-induced displacement which is originated from the western contexts. Researchers often use quantitative method to investigate either the changes in the socio-demographic compositions of gentrifying neighbourhoods, or the migration patterns of targeted low-income social groups, so as to unravel the occurrence or scale of gentrification-induced displacement. The past decade has witnessed increasing interests in indirect displacement. Scholars have not only conducted empirical studies on various forms of indirect displacement, but also furthered the conceptualization of this phenomenon, such as everyday displacement, symbolic displacement, political displacement and cultural displacement. It is worth noting that, Lefebvre's philosophy of space is found to be an important perspective in researchers' interpretations of indirect displacement. Compared to western countries, cities in China are undergoing profound transformation. Two avenues for future research are provided:1) to conduct empirical studies on gentrification-induced displacement in Chinese cities, so as to reveal the patterns, causes and individual experiences of displacement; 2) to situate the research on gentrification-induced displacement within the broader theoretical framings such as social sustainability, social justice and right to the city, so as to seek pathways towards sustainable urban transitions in China.
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[29]
Atkinson R. Measuring gentrification and displacement in greater London[J]. Urban Studies, 2000,37(1):149-165.
[19]
Marcuse P. Gentrification, abandonment, and displacement:Connections, causes, and policy responses in New York city[J]. Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law, 1985,28:195-240.
[8]
Ibrahim S. War displacement:The socio-cultural dimension[M]//Eltigani E. War and Drought in Sudan:Essays on Population Displacement. Tallahassee:University Press Florida, 1995:35-46.
[34]
Freeman L, Cassola A, Cai T. Displacement and gentrification in England and Wales:A quasi-experimental approach[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(13):2797-2814.
[30]
Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle-class remaking of inner London, 1961-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2003,40(12):2401-2426.
[20]
Slater T. Missing Marcuse:On gentrification and displacement[J]. City, 2009,13(2/3):292-311.
[9]
Farbotko C. Tuvalu and climate change:Constructions of environmental displacement in the Sydney Morning Herald[J]. Geografiska Annaler:Series B, Human Geography, 2005,87(4):279-293.
[35]
Newman K, Wyly E K. The right to stay put, revisited:Gentrification and resistance to displacement in New York city[J]. Urban Studies, 2006,43(1):23-57.
[21]
Butler T, Hamnett C, Ramsden M J. Gentrification, education and exclusionary displacement in east London[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2013,37(2):556-575.
[31]
Butler T, Hamnett C, Ramsden M. Inward and upward:Marking out social class change in London, 1981-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2008,45(1):67-88.
[10]
Heming L, Rees P. Population displacement in the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River, central China:Relocation policies and migrant views[J]. International Journal of Population Geography, 2000,6(6):439-462.
[11]
何深静,刘玉亭.市场转轨时期中国城市绅士化现象的机制与效应研究[J].地理科学,2010,30(4):496-502.[He Shenjing, Liu Yuting.Mechanism and consequences of China's gentrification under market transition[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2010,30(4):496-502.]
[12]
吴启焰,罗艳.中西方城市中产阶级化的对比研究[J].城市规划, 2007,31(8):30-35.[Wu Qiyan, Luo Yan. Comparison of gentrification between Chinese and Western cities[J]. Urban Planning, 2007, 31(8):30-35.]
[13]
吴启焰,尹祖杏.城市中产阶层化研究进展回顾及未来展望[J].人文地理,2008,23(2):19-25.[Wu Qiyan, Yin Zuxing. The progress of urban gentrification study and its future[J]. Human Geography, 2008,23(2):19-25.]
[14]
周敏,林凯旋,黄亚平.浅析我国城市更新中的绅士化运动[J].华中建筑,2013,31(11):26-30.[Zhou Min, Lin Kaixuan, Huang Yaping. Discuss on the gentrification movement of urban renewal[J]. Hua Zhong Architecture, 2013,31(11):26-30.]
[36]
Atkinson R. The evidence on the impact of gentrification:New lessons for the urban renaissance?[J]. European Journal of Housing Policy, 2004,4(1):107-131.
[15]
何深静,钱俊希,邓尚昆.转型期大城市多类绅士化现象探讨——基于广州市六个社区的案例分析[J].人文地理,2011,26(1):44-49.[He Shenjing, Qian Junxi, Deng Shangkun. Various forms of gentrification in transitional period in China[J]. Human Geography, 2011, 26(1):44-49.]
[16]
何深静,钱俊希,徐雨璇,等.快速城市化背景下乡村绅士化的时空演变特征[J].地理学报,2012,67(8):1044-1056.[He Shenjing, Qian Junxi, Xu Yuxuan, et al. Spatial-temporal evolution of rural gentrification amidst rapid urbanization:A case study of Xiaozhou village, Guangzhou[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(8):1044-1056.]
[22]
Davidson M. Displacement, space and dwelling:Placing gentrification debate[J]. Ethics Place and Environment (Ethics, Place & Environment), 2009,12(2):219-234.
[17]
邱建华. "绅士化运动" 对我国旧城更新的启示[J].热带地理,2002, 22(2):125-129.[Qiu Jianhua. Consideration of "gentrification" in contemporary Chinese urban renewal[J]. Tropical Geography, 2002, 22(2):125-129.]
[32]
Freeman L. Displacement or succession? Residential mobility in gentrifying neighborhoods[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2005,40(4):463-491.
[37]
Slater T. The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2006,30(4):737-757.
[23]
Descartes R. Principles of philosophy[M]//Descartes R. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes Vol. 1. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press, 1984:193-291.
[18]
Marcuse P. To control gentrification:Anti-displacement zoning and planning for stable residential districts[J]. Review of Law and Social Change, 1985,13(4):931-945.
[33]
Freeman L, Braconi F. Gentrification and displacement New York city in the 1990s[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004,70(1):39-52.
[38]
Davidson M, Lees L. New-build ‘gentrification’ and London's riverside renaissance[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2005,37(7):1165-1190.
[24]
Heidegger M. Being and Time[M]. Oxford, UK:Blackwell, 2007:114.
[25]
包亚明.现代性与空间的生产[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2003:9.[Bao Yaming. Modernism and the Production of Space[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Education Press, 2003:9.]
[19]
Marcuse P. Gentrification, abandonment, and displacement:Connections, causes, and policy responses in New York city[J]. Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law, 1985,28:195-240.
[34]
Freeman L, Cassola A, Cai T. Displacement and gentrification in England and Wales:A quasi-experimental approach[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(13):2797-2814.
[39]
Mazer K M, Rankin K N. The social space of gentrification:The politics of neighbourhood accessibility in Toronto's downtown west[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 2011,29(5):822-839.
[26]
Lefebvre H. The Production of Space[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1991:36-46.
[20]
Slater T. Missing Marcuse:On gentrification and displacement[J]. City, 2009,13(2/3):292-311.
[35]
Newman K, Wyly E K. The right to stay put, revisited:Gentrification and resistance to displacement in New York city[J]. Urban Studies, 2006,43(1):23-57.
[40]
Sakizlio?lu B. Inserting temporality into the analysis of displacement:Living under the threat of displacement[J]. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 2014,105(2):206-220.
[21]
Butler T, Hamnett C, Ramsden M J. Gentrification, education and exclusionary displacement in east London[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2013,37(2):556-575.
[27]
Davidson M. Spoiled mixture:Where does state-ledpositive' gentrification end?[J]. Urban Studies, 2008,45(12):2385-2405.
[36]
Atkinson R. The evidence on the impact of gentrification:New lessons for the urban renaissance?[J]. European Journal of Housing Policy, 2004,4(1):107-131.
[41]
Shaw K S, Hagemans I W. ‘Gentrification without displacement’ and the consequent loss of place:The effects of class transition on low-income residents of secure housing in gentrifying areas[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2015,39(2):323-341.
[22]
Davidson M. Displacement, space and dwelling:Placing gentrification debate[J]. Ethics Place and Environment (Ethics, Place & Environment), 2009,12(2):219-234.
[28]
Atkinson R. The hidden costs of gentrification:Displacement in central London[J]. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 2000,15(4):307-326.
[37]
Slater T. The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2006,30(4):737-757.
[42]
Stabrowski F. New-build gentrification and the everyday displacement of Polish immigrant tenants in Greenpoint, Brooklyn[J]. Antipode, 2014,46(3):794-815.
[23]
Descartes R. Principles of philosophy[M]//Descartes R. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes Vol. 1. Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press, 1984:193-291.
[29]
Atkinson R. Measuring gentrification and displacement in greater London[J]. Urban Studies, 2000,37(1):149-165.
[38]
Davidson M, Lees L. New-build ‘gentrification’ and London's riverside renaissance[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2005,37(7):1165-1190.
[43]
Atkinson R. Losing one's place:Narratives of neighbourhood change, market injustice and symbolic displacement[J]. Housing, Theory and Society, 2015,32(4):373-388.
[24]
Heidegger M. Being and Time[M]. Oxford, UK:Blackwell, 2007:114.
[25]
包亚明.现代性与空间的生产[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2003:9.[Bao Yaming. Modernism and the Production of Space[M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Education Press, 2003:9.]
[30]
Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle-class remaking of inner London, 1961-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2003,40(12):2401-2426.
[39]
Mazer K M, Rankin K N. The social space of gentrification:The politics of neighbourhood accessibility in Toronto's downtown west[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 2011,29(5):822-839.
[44]
Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(16):3510-3526.
[26]
Lefebvre H. The Production of Space[M]. Oxford:Blackwell, 1991:36-46.
[31]
Butler T, Hamnett C, Ramsden M. Inward and upward:Marking out social class change in London, 1981-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2008,45(1):67-88.
[40]
Sakizlio?lu B. Inserting temporality into the analysis of displacement:Living under the threat of displacement[J]. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 2014,105(2):206-220.
[45]
Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. When Neil Smith met Pierre Bourdieu in Nanjing, China:Bringing cultural capital into rent gap theory[J]. Housing Studies, 2017,32(5):659-677.
[27]
Davidson M. Spoiled mixture:Where does state-ledpositive' gentrification end?[J]. Urban Studies, 2008,45(12):2385-2405.
[41]
Shaw K S, Hagemans I W. ‘Gentrification without displacement’ and the consequent loss of place:The effects of class transition on low-income residents of secure housing in gentrifying areas[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2015,39(2):323-341.
[32]
Freeman L. Displacement or succession? Residential mobility in gentrifying neighborhoods[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2005,40(4):463-491.
[46]
Smith D P, Holt L. Studentification and ‘apprentice’ gentrifiers within Britain's provincial towns and cities:Extending the meaning of gentrification[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2007,39(1):142-161.
[47]
何深静,钱俊希,吴敏华. "学生化"的城中村社区——基于广州下渡村的实证分析[J].地理研究,2011,30(8):1508-1519.[He Shenjing, Qian Junxi, Wu Minhua. Studentification in urban village:A case study of Xiadu village, Guangzhou[J]. Geographical Research, 2011,30(8):1508-1519.]
[48]
陈培阳.中国城市学区绅士化及其社会空间效应[J].城市发展研究,2015,22(8):55-60.[Chen Peiyang. Jiaoyufication and its sociospatial consequences in urban China[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2015,22(8):55-60.]
[28]
Atkinson R. The hidden costs of gentrification:Displacement in central London[J]. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 2000,15(4):307-326.
[42]
Stabrowski F. New-build gentrification and the everyday displacement of Polish immigrant tenants in Greenpoint, Brooklyn[J]. Antipode, 2014,46(3):794-815.
[33]
Freeman L, Braconi F. Gentrification and displacement New York city in the 1990s[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004,70(1):39-52.
[49]
Wu Q, Tim E, Cheng J. Beyond space:Spatial (re)production and middle class remaking driven by jiaoyufication in Nanjing city, China[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2018, 42(1):1-19.
[29]
Atkinson R. Measuring gentrification and displacement in greater London[J]. Urban Studies, 2000,37(1):149-165.
[43]
Atkinson R. Losing one's place:Narratives of neighbourhood change, market injustice and symbolic displacement[J]. Housing, Theory and Society, 2015,32(4):373-388.
[34]
Freeman L, Cassola A, Cai T. Displacement and gentrification in England and Wales:A quasi-experimental approach[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(13):2797-2814.
[50]
Martin L. Fighting for control:Political displacement in Atlanta's gentrifying neighborhoods[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2007,42(5):603-628.
[30]
Hamnett C. Gentrification and the middle-class remaking of inner London, 1961-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2003,40(12):2401-2426.
[44]
Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(16):3510-3526.
[35]
Newman K, Wyly E K. The right to stay put, revisited:Gentrification and resistance to displacement in New York city[J]. Urban Studies, 2006,43(1):23-57.
[51]
Hyra D. The back-to-the-city movement:Neighbourhood redevelopment and processes of political and cultural displacement[J]. Urban Studies, 2015,52(10):1753-1773.
[31]
Butler T, Hamnett C, Ramsden M. Inward and upward:Marking out social class change in London, 1981-2001[J]. Urban Studies, 2008,45(1):67-88.
[45]
Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. When Neil Smith met Pierre Bourdieu in Nanjing, China:Bringing cultural capital into rent gap theory[J]. Housing Studies, 2017,32(5):659-677.
[36]
Atkinson R. The evidence on the impact of gentrification:New lessons for the urban renaissance?[J]. European Journal of Housing Policy, 2004,4(1):107-131.
[32]
Freeman L. Displacement or succession? Residential mobility in gentrifying neighborhoods[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2005,40(4):463-491.
[46]
Smith D P, Holt L. Studentification and ‘apprentice’ gentrifiers within Britain's provincial towns and cities:Extending the meaning of gentrification[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2007,39(1):142-161.
[37]
Slater T. The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2006,30(4):737-757.
[47]
何深静,钱俊希,吴敏华. "学生化"的城中村社区——基于广州下渡村的实证分析[J].地理研究,2011,30(8):1508-1519.[He Shenjing, Qian Junxi, Wu Minhua. Studentification in urban village:A case study of Xiadu village, Guangzhou[J]. Geographical Research, 2011,30(8):1508-1519.]
[48]
陈培阳.中国城市学区绅士化及其社会空间效应[J].城市发展研究,2015,22(8):55-60.[Chen Peiyang. Jiaoyufication and its sociospatial consequences in urban China[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2015,22(8):55-60.]
[33]
Freeman L, Braconi F. Gentrification and displacement New York city in the 1990s[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004,70(1):39-52.
[38]
Davidson M, Lees L. New-build ‘gentrification’ and London's riverside renaissance[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2005,37(7):1165-1190.
[49]
Wu Q, Tim E, Cheng J. Beyond space:Spatial (re)production and middle class remaking driven by jiaoyufication in Nanjing city, China[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2018, 42(1):1-19.
[34]
Freeman L, Cassola A, Cai T. Displacement and gentrification in England and Wales:A quasi-experimental approach[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(13):2797-2814.
[39]
Mazer K M, Rankin K N. The social space of gentrification:The politics of neighbourhood accessibility in Toronto's downtown west[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 2011,29(5):822-839.
[50]
Martin L. Fighting for control:Political displacement in Atlanta's gentrifying neighborhoods[J]. Urban Affairs Review, 2007,42(5):603-628.
[35]
Newman K, Wyly E K. The right to stay put, revisited:Gentrification and resistance to displacement in New York city[J]. Urban Studies, 2006,43(1):23-57.
[40]
Sakizlio?lu B. Inserting temporality into the analysis of displacement:Living under the threat of displacement[J]. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 2014,105(2):206-220.
[51]
Hyra D. The back-to-the-city movement:Neighbourhood redevelopment and processes of political and cultural displacement[J]. Urban Studies, 2015,52(10):1753-1773.
[36]
Atkinson R. The evidence on the impact of gentrification:New lessons for the urban renaissance?[J]. European Journal of Housing Policy, 2004,4(1):107-131.
[41]
Shaw K S, Hagemans I W. ‘Gentrification without displacement’ and the consequent loss of place:The effects of class transition on low-income residents of secure housing in gentrifying areas[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2015,39(2):323-341.
[37]
Slater T. The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2006,30(4):737-757.
[42]
Stabrowski F. New-build gentrification and the everyday displacement of Polish immigrant tenants in Greenpoint, Brooklyn[J]. Antipode, 2014,46(3):794-815.
[38]
Davidson M, Lees L. New-build ‘gentrification’ and London's riverside renaissance[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2005,37(7):1165-1190.
[43]
Atkinson R. Losing one's place:Narratives of neighbourhood change, market injustice and symbolic displacement[J]. Housing, Theory and Society, 2015,32(4):373-388.
[44]
Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. Jiaoyufication:When gentrification goes to school in the Chinese inner city[J]. Urban Studies, 2016,53(16):3510-3526.
[39]
Mazer K M, Rankin K N. The social space of gentrification:The politics of neighbourhood accessibility in Toronto's downtown west[J]. Environment and Planning D:Society and Space, 2011,29(5):822-839.
[45]
Wu Q, Zhang X, Waley P. When Neil Smith met Pierre Bourdieu in Nanjing, China:Bringing cultural capital into rent gap theory[J]. Housing Studies, 2017,32(5):659-677.
[40]
Sakizlio?lu B. Inserting temporality into the analysis of displacement:Living under the threat of displacement[J]. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 2014,105(2):206-220.
[41]
Shaw K S, Hagemans I W. ‘Gentrification without displacement’ and the consequent loss of place:The effects of class transition on low-income residents of secure housing in gentrifying areas[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2015,39(2):323-341.
[46]
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